The cognitive and biological approaches to Panic Disorder Essay

The cognitive and biological approaches to Panic Disorder - Essay Example Donald Klein's biological view of PD as a medical disease and David Clark's cognitive view of panic as an escalation of physiological activation due to catastrophic misinterpretations of bodily symptoms was a main point of argues about PD nature. The common features of PD include a racing or pounding heartbeat; dizziness and lightheadedness; feeling that "I can't catch my breath"; chest pains or a "heaviness" in the chest; flushes or chills; tingling in the hands, feet, legs, arms; jumpiness, trembling, twitching muscles; sweaty palms, flushed face; terror; fear of losing control; fear of a stroke that will lead to disability; fear of dying; fear of going crazy, etc. Sometimes stomach disorders are seen (Lydiard, 1994).A panic attack typically lasts several long minutes and is one of the most distressing conditions a person can experience. In some cases, panic attacks have been known to last for longer periods of time or to recur very quickly over and over again. The aftermath of a panic attack is very painful. The greatest fear is that the panic attack will come back again and again, making life too miserable to bear (Warshaw,2000). Panic is not necessarily brought on by a recognizable circumstance, and it may remain a mystery to the person involved. At other times, excessive stress or other negative life conditions can trigger an attack (Katerndahl,2000). Much research was carried out to understanding the biological and psychological mechanisms of PD and to developing effective treatments. A working consensus has been reached regarding its clinical features (as laid down in DSM-IV) and guidelines for its psychological or pharmacological treatments are delineated in documents from the NIH and the American Psychiatric Association. A number of theories have been suggested and tested. The majority of them are based on biochemical or physiological markers. Still, the exact etiology has not been found. The aim of this paper is to review the main theories of PD and to discuss them. Classification of theories 1. The serotonergic model suggests an exaggerated postsynaptic receptor response to synaptic serotonin. Recent studies report subsensitivity of 5HT1A receptors. The 5HT system or one of its subsystems may play a role in the pathophysiology of panic disorder, the precise nature of which must be delineated by further investigation. 2. The catecholamine model postulates increased sensitivity to adrenergic CNS discharges, with hypersensitivity of presynaptic alpha-2 receptors. 3. Similarly, the locus ceruleus model explains that panic symptoms are due to increased local discharge resulting in adrenergic neuron stimulation, similar to the more general catecholamine theory. Locus ceruleus activity also affects the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, which can respond abnormally to clonidine in patients with panic disorder. 4. The lactate model focuses on symptom production by postulated aberrant metabolic activity induced by lactate. 5. The false suffocation carbon

The Noplace of My Place Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

The Noplace of My Place - Essay Example This is how my bathroom appears to most people and, truth be told, how it appears to me as well during the regular routines of my day.   But I don’t have to think about this now, and my mind drifts further.  It is when the evening shadows lengthen into darkness and the house begins to quiet down that my bathroom takes on entirely new dimensions.   Tonight, with my nerves frazzled by conflicting commitments, my ears buzzing with back-to-school crowds and my brain threatening massive overload at any moment, my bathroom becomes my own isolation chamber.   Its stark whiteness promises to make no demands, its lack of ornamentation suggests no distractions and its small dimensions offer no threat.   As the steam begins to rise from the depths of the bathtub basin, my body and mind sink like stones, one to the warm, smooth surface of my bathtub and the other to the field of soft purples and dusty blues of shapeless space suggested by the lavender bubble bath I added to the water.   The gentle iridescent bubbles rise above my shoulders, relieving them of their burdens, at least for a little while.   Tiny and lacy, the delicate bubbles suggest the true weight of my worries.   With a soul-cleansing sigh, my body remembers the true shape of me. Of course, my bathroom doesn’t offer complete release from the cares and influences of the outside world.   As the bubbles die down, I become more and more aware that the rest of the house hasn’t completely melted away.   The monotonous babble of news announcers, not loud enough to do more than suggest a cadence, informs me who has control of the television remote.   The occasional sudden rattle of the bathroom door announces the appearance of small ripples in the water as someone somewhere slams a door.   I wonder if they’re aware, as I am, of the minor shockwaves that run through the house at these small bursts of energy displacement.   But I know no one will enter my sanctuar y, no one will disturb my peace.   As long as the white door of the bathroom remains closed, I am as unreachable as the sky to them.